The redox reactions affect the number of covalent bonds that a carbon makes to a heteroatom substituent, such as nitrogen and oxygen. Each redox state of carbon (Fig. 2) is associated with a class ...

Small molecules - AQA A covalent bond is a shared pair of electrons. Covalent bonding forms molecules. Substances with small molecules have low melting and boiling points, and do not conduct ...

Prior to 2000, many drugs that formed a covalent bond with targets did so non-selectively, which often led to undesired side effects when compared to non-covalent drugs. This led to the belief that ...

including DNA, and in a number of industrial roles, including as synthetic components of plastics. The molecules of a supramolecular polymer typically interact to form non-covalent bonds ...